Objective - The objective of this research is to measure the mechanical and physical properties of sea ice, both as solid ice and ice rubble. These properties are related to the ice loads and pressures exerted by ice on offshore structures.

CHC authored/co-authored Reports/Papers

Flexural Strength of Ice from the Rideau Canal: A Laboratory Investigation
Rideau_Ice_09_CHC_TR_068.pdf
P. Barrette and C. Brassard
NRC Report HYD-TR-068, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2009.

Establishing Damage Criteria for Multi-year Ice, Phase I: Thickness and Temperature of Drifting Floes
CHC-TR-066_Multi_year_Ice_2008_public.pdf
M. Johnston
NRC Report CHC-TR-066, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2009.

Thickness and Strength of Multi-year Ice: The Knowns and Unknowns
POAC_09-120_Multi_Year_Thickness.pdf
M.E. Johnston, B.D. Wright and D. Masterson
Proc. 20th POAC Conference, Paper POAC09-120, Luleå, Sweden, 2009.

Thickness and Material Properties of Multi-Year Ice Sampled during the CAT Study, August 2007
CHC-TR-067_Multi_year_Ice_2007_public.pdf
M. Johnston
NRC Report CHC-TR-067, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2008

Why Does Ice Fail the Way it Does?
IAHR_08_Ice_Failure.pdf
Timco, G.W.
Proc. IAHR'08 Symposium on Ice, Vol. 2, pp 557-577, Vancouver, B.C. Canada, 2008.

Satellite Detection and Monitoring of Sea Ice Rubble Fields.
IAHR_08_Sat_Detection.pdf
Barker, A., De Abreu, R, and G.W. Timco. 2008.
Proceedings 19th IAHR Symposium on Ice, Vol. 1, pp 419-430, Vancouver, B.C. Canada, 2008.

Surveying a Four-Week Old First-Year Ridge.
IAHR_08_First_yr_Ridge.pdf
Barker, A., Timco, G.W. and B. Wright.
Proceedings 19th IAHR Symposium on Ice, Vol. 2, pp 1263-1272, Vancouver, B.C. Canada, 2008.

Guide for Understanding and Identifying Old Ice in Summer
ICETECH_08_Old_Ice_Guide.pdf
M.E. Johnston and G.W. Timco
Proc. ICETECH'08, paper ICETECH08-149-RF, Banff, AB, Canada, 2008.

Extremely Thick Multi-year Ice Still Exists, but Will it Last?
ICETECH_08_Old_Ice.pdf
M.E. Johnston
Proc. ICETECH'08, paper ICETECH08-150-RF, Banff, AB, Canada. 2008.

Growth and Decay of Landfast, First-Year Ice near Nain, Labrador.
POAC_05_Landfast_Nain.pdf
M.E. Johnston
Proceedings 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, POAC'05. Vol. 1, pp 165-175, Potsdam, NY, USA, 2005.

Properties of Hummocked Ice in Transition Zone Between Fast Ice And Pack Ice, Labrador.
POAC_05_Hummock.pdf
M.E. Johnston
Proceedings 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, POAC'05. Vol. 1, pp 176-185, Potsdam, NY, USA, 2005.

Properties of Level Landfast Ice and Hummocked Ice near Nain, Labrador
TP14387E_Labrador_Props.pdf
M.E. Johnston
NRC Report CHC-TR-031, TP14387E, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2005,

Properties of Second-year and Multi-year Ice during Freeze-up.
TP14292E_MY_SY_Freeze-up.pdf
M.E. Johnston
NRC Report CHC-TR-024, TP14292E, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2004.

The Friction Coefficient of a Large Ice Block on a Sand/Gravel Beach
CRIPE_03_Friction.pdf
A. Barker and G. Timco
Proceedings, 12th Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice Covered Rivers, Edmonton, AB, 2003.

Property Changes of First-year Ice and Old Ice during Summer Melt.
TP14098E_Ice_Properties.pdf
M. Johnston, R. Frederking and G. Timco
NRC Report CHC-TR-010, TP14098E, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2003.

Properties of Decaying First-year Sea Ice at Five Sites in Parry Channel.
POAC_03_BHJ_FYI.pdf
M. Johnston, R. Frederking and G. Timco
Proceedings 17th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, POAC'03, Vol. 1, pp 131-140, Trondheim, Norway, 2003

Testing the Compressive Strength of Sea Ice with a Borehole Jack: Third Season.
CHC_TR_005_BHJ_MANUAL_02.pdf
M. Johnston, R. Frederking and G. Timco
NRC Report HYD-TR-005, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2002.

Ice Strength During the Melt Season
IAHR_02_sea_ice_decay.pdf
G.W. Timco and M.E. Johnston
Proceedings of the 16th IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Vol. 2, pp 187-193, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2002.

Temperature Changes in First Year Arctic Sea Ice During the Decay Process.
IAHR_02_Ice_Decay_Temp.pdf
M. Johnston and G.W. Timco
Proceedings of the 16th IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Vol., 2, pp 194-202, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2002.

Properties of Decaying First Year Sea Ice: Two Seasons of Field of Field Measurements.
Okhotsk_02_2decay.pdf
M. Johnston, R. Frederking and G. Timco
Proceedings 17th International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea and Sea Ice, pp 303-311, Mombetsu, Hokkaido, Japan, 2002.

Validation of Radarsat Imagery using In Situ Measurements from First Year Ridged Ice
POAC_01_WN_Ridges.pdf
M. Johnston
Proceedings POAC'01, Vol. 3, pp 1129-1138, Ottawa, Canada, 2001.

Friction of Sea Ice on Various Construction Materials
Friction_01.pdf
R. Frederking and A. Barker
NRC Report HYD-TR-067, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2001

Decay of First Year Sea Ice: A Second Season of Field Measurements.
TP13872E_Decay_01.pdf
M. Johnston and R. Frederking
NRC Report HYD-TR-069, TP13872E, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2001.

Decay of First Year Sea Ice: A Second Season of Field Measurements: Interim Report.
CHC_TR_066_DECAY_01.pdf
M. Johnston and R. Frederking, R. 2001.
NRC Report HYD-TR-066, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.

Decay of First-Year Sea Ice.
TP13940E_Decay_01.pdf
M. Johnston, R. Frederking and G. Timco
NRC Report HYD-TR-058, TP13940E, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2001.

Decay-Induced Changes in the Physical and Mechanical Properties of First Year Ice.
POAC_01_Decay.pdf
M. Johnston, R. Frederking and G. Timco
Proceedings 16th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, POAC'01, pp 1395-1404, Ottawa, Canada, 2001.

Seasonal Decay of First-year Sea Ice: Field Measurements.
CHC_TR_057_Seasonal_Decay.pdf
M.E. Johnston and R. Frederking
NRC Report HYD-TR-057, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2000.

An Overview of First-Year Sea Ice Ridges
Ridge_00.pdf
G.W. Timco, K. Croasdale and B. Wright
NRC Report HYD-TR-047, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2000

Microstructure of First Year Sea Ice Ridges
Ridge_micro_00.pdf
M. Johnston and A. Baker, CHC/NRC
NRC Report HYD-TR-043, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 2000

Is φ Constant for Broken Ice Rubble?
CRIPE_99_Rubble_Results.pdf
G.W. Timco and A.M. Cornett
Proc. 10th Workshop on River Ice, CRIPE’99, pp 318-331, Winnipeg, Canada 1999.

Comparison of the Physical Environment of some Arctic Seas
CRS&T_99_Phy_Env_Arctic.pdf
S. Løset, K. Shkhinek, O.T. Gudmestad, P. Strass, E. Michalenko, R. Frederking and T. Karna
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 29, pp 201-214, 1999

Review of First-Year Ridge Geometries and Properties in Sakhalin Region
REIFS_99_Geometry.pdf
R. Frederking, G. Timco, K. Kamesaki and H. Tada
Proceedings International Workshop on Rational Evaluation of Ice Forces on Structures, REIFS'99, pp 21-33, Mombetsu, Japan, 1999.

An Analysis of the Shapes of Sea Ice Ridges
CRS&T_97_Ridge_Shape.pdf
G.W. Timco and R.P. Burden
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 25, pp 65-77, 1997.

Mechanical Properties of Dry Saline Ice Rubble
ISOPE_96_Sea_Ice_Rubble.pdf
A.M. Cornett & G.W. Timco
Proc. IS0PE’96, Vol. II, pp. 297-303, 1996.

A Review of Sea Ice Density
CRS&T_96_Density.pdf
G.W. Timco and R.M.W. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 24, pp 1-6, 1996.

Flexural Strength Equation for Sea Ice
CRS&T_94_Fl_Str_Equation_Sea_Ice.pdf
G.W. Timco and S. O'Brien
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 22, pp 285-298, 1994

Description of Multi-Year Ice Indentation Tests At Hobson's Choice Ice Island - 1990
OMAE_93_Hobsons-Choice.pdf
D. Masterson, R. Frederking, I. Jordaan, P. Spencer
Proc. OMAE’93, Vol. IV, pp 145-155, Glasgow, Scotland, 1993.

A Laboratory Apparatus to Measure the Behavior of Ice Rubble
OMAE_92_Rubble_Apparatus.pdf
G. W. Timco, E. R. Funke, M. Sayed, and P. H. Laurich
Proc. 11th OMAE, Vol. IV, pp 369-375, Calgary, Canada, 1992.

Testing Model Ice Rubble under Proportional Strains
OMAE_92_Rubble_Tests.pdf
M. Sayed, G. W. Timco and L. Sun
Proc. 11th OMAE, Vol. IV, pp 335-341, Calgary, Canada, 1992.

Two-dimensional Extrusion of Crushed Ice. Part 1: Experimental
CRS&T_92_Extrusion_Crushed_Ice_1.pdf
M. Sayed and R.M.W. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 21, pp 25-36, 1992

Two-dimensional Extrusion of Crushed Ice. Part 2: Analysis
CRS&T_92_Extrusion_Crushed_Ice_2.pdf
S.B. Savage, M. Sayed and R.M.W. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 21, pp 37-47, 1992

Seasonal Compressive Strength of Beaufort Sea Ice Sheets
IUTAM_91_Comp_Strength_Sheets.pdf
Timco, G.W. and Frederking, R.M.W.
Proc. IUTAM/IAHR Symposium on Ice-Structure Interaction, pp 267-282, St. John's, Nfld., Canada, 1991

Field Tests of Ice Indentation at Medium Scale: Hobson's Choice Ice Island, 1989
IAHR_90_Hobsons_Choice.pdf
R. Frederking, I.J. Jordaan and J.S. McCallum
Proc. 10th IAHR Ice Symposium, Vol. II, p. 931-944, Espoo, Finland, 1990.

Compressive Strength of Sea Ice Sheets
CRS&T_90_Comp_Str_Ice_Sheets.pdf
G.W. Timco and R.M.W. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 17, pp 227-240, 1990

Ice Rubble Consolidation
IAHR_88_Rubble_Consolidation.pdf
Timco, G.W. and Goodrich, L.E.
Proc. 9th IAHR Symposium on Ice, Vol. 1, pp 427-438, Sapporo, Japan, 1988

Field Measurements of the Shear Strength of Columnar-Grained Sea Ice
IAHR_86_Shear_Col_Ice.pdf
R. Frederking and G.W. Timco
Proc. 8th IAHR Symposium on Ice, Vol. I, pp 279-292, Iowa City, U.S.A, 1986.

Confined Compression Tests: Outlining the Failure Envelope of Columnar Sea Ice
CRS&T_86_Conf_Compression.pdf
G.W. Timco and R. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 12, pp 13-28, 1986

Stress Concentrations in the Root of an Ice Cover Cantilever: Model Tests and Theory
CRS&T_85_Stress_Conc_Cant_Beam.pdf
O.J. Svec, J.C. Thompson and R.M.W. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 11, pp 63-73, 1985

Stress-Relieving Techniques for Cantilever Beam Tests in an Ice Cover
CRS&T_85_Stress_Relief_Cant_Beams.pdf
R.M.W. Frederking and O.J. Svec
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 11, pp 247-253, 1985

An Investigation of the Failure Envelope of Granular/Discontinuous Columnar Sea Ice
CRS&T_84_Failure_Envelope.pdf
G.W. Timco and R.M.W. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 9, pp 17-27, 1984

Measurement of Shear Strength of Granular/Discontinuous Columnar Sea Ice
CRS&T_84_Shear_Str_Sea_Ice.pdf
R.M.W. Frederking and G.W. Timco
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 9, pp 215-220, 1984

Flexural Strength and Fracture Toughness of Sea Ice
CRS&T_82_FS_FT_Sea_Ice.pdf
G.W. Timco and R.M.W. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 8, pp 35-41, 1983

Comparative Strengths of Fresh Water Ice
CRS&T_82_Compare_Str_Ice.pdf
G.W. Timco and R.M.W. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 6, pp 21-27, 1982

Cantilever Beam Tests in an Ice Cover: Influence of Plate Effects at the Root
CRS&T_81_Cant_Beams_Plate_Effects.pdf
O.J. Svec and R.M.W. Frederking
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 4, pp 93-101, 1981

Standardized Testing Methods for Measuring Mechanical Properties of Ice
CRS&T_81_IAHR_Test_Methods.pdf
J. Schwarz, R. Frederking et.al.
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 4, pp 245-253, 1981

Contract Reports/Papers

A Unified Model for Rubble Ice Load and Behaviour
Ice_Rubble_Model_05.pdf
T.G. Brown and M. El Seify
PERD/CHC Report 5-119, Calgary, AL, Canada, 2005

Pressure-Temperature Effects on the Compressive Behavior of Laboratory-grown and Iceberg Ice
CRS&T_03_Press_Temp.pdf
Barrette, P.D and I.J. Jordaan
Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 36, pp 25-36, 2003.

Experimental Determination of Ice Rubble: Behaviour and Strength
Rubble_Behaviour_02.pdf
T.G. Brown and E. Lemee
PERD/CHC Report 5-115, Calgary, AL, Canada, 2002

Triaxial Testing of Ice: A Survey of Previous Investigations
POAC_01_Triaxial.pdf
P.D. Barrette
Proceedings POAC'01, Vol. 3, pp 1375-1384, Ottawa, Canada, 2001.

Compressive Behaviour of Confined Polycrystalline Ice
PolyIce_01.pdf
P.D. Barrette and I. Jordaan
PERD/CHC Report 4-77, St. John's, NL, Canada, 2001.

Experimental Investigation of Ice Rubble Behaviour and Strength in Punch Tests
UCrubble_00.pdf
A. Azarnejad and T. G. Brown
PERD/CHC Report 5-109, Calgary, AL, Canada, 2000

Triaxial Testing of Freshwater Ice
MUN_Triax_99.zip(6 MB)
I. L. Meglis et al.
PERD/CHC Report 75-13, St. John's, NL, Canada, 1999

Experimental Investigation of Ice Rubble Behaviour and Strength in Punch Tests
UCrubble_99.pdf
A. Azarnejad and T. G. Brown
PERD/CHC Report 5-104, Calgary, AL, Canada, 1999